1. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo ngama-nucleic acid: i-genomic cloning
2. I-Asymmetric PCR yokulungiselela i-DNA enomucu owodwa wokulandelana kwe-DNA
3. Ukunqunywa kwezifunda ze-DNA ezingaziwa nge-PCR ephambene
4. I-PCR (RT-PCR) isetshenziselwa ukuthola izinga lokuvezwa kofuzo kumaseli, inani legciwane le-RNA kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuqondile kwe-cDNA yezakhi zofuzo ezithile.
5. I-Fluorescence quantitative PCR isetshenziselwa ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela imikhiqizo ye-PCR
6. Ukukhuliswa okusheshayo kwe-cDNA kuyaphela
7. Ukutholwa kwenkulumo yofuzo
8. Izicelo zezokwelapha: ukutholwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane namagciwane; ukuxilongwa kwezifo zofuzo; ukuxilongwa kwezimila; kusetshenziswe ebufakazini be-forensic