Ukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinileiyisampula yobuchwepheshe bokwelapha ethuthukiswe eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ithuthukiswa kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kokukhipha okuqinile okuwuketshezi kanye nekholomu ye-chromatography yoketshezi. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuhlukaniswa kwesampula, ukuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlushwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhipha okujwayelekile koketshezi oluwuketshezi Thuthukisa izinga lokuthola kabusha kwe-analyte, hlukanisa i-analyte ezingxenyeni eziphazamisayo ngempumelelo kakhudlwana, yehlisa inqubo yesampula yokwelashwa kwangaphambili, futhi ukusebenza kulula, konga isikhathi futhi konga umsebenzi. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, ukudla, imvelo, ukuhlolwa kwempahla, embonini yamakhemikhali nakweminye imikhakha.

Ukukhipha kuwumsebenzi weyunithi esebenzisa ukunyibilika okuhlukile kwezingxenye ohlelweni ukuhlukanisa ingxube. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhipha:

Ukukhishwa kwe-liquid-liquid, i-solvent ekhethiwe isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ingxenye ethile engxubeni yamanzi. I-solvent kufanele ingahlangani noketshezi oluyingxube ekhishiwe, ibe nokuncibilika okukhethekile, futhi kufanele ibe nokuzinza okuhle kokushisayo namakhemikhali, futhi Kunobuthi obuncane nokugqwala. Okufana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-phenol ne-benzene; ukuhlukaniswa kwama-olefin kumafrakshini e-petroleum ane-organic solvents.

Ukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinile, ebizwa nangokuthi i-leaching, isebenzisa izincibilikisi ukuze ihlukanise izingxenye zengxube eqinile, njengoshukela ovuzayo ku-beet ushukela ngamanzi; Ukukhipha uwoyela wesoya kubhontshisi wesoya ngotshwala ukuze kwandiswe isivuno samafutha; ukukhishwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo emthini wendabuko waseShayina ngamanzi Ukulungiswa kwe-liquid extract kubizwa ngokuthi "leaching" noma "leaching".

Nakuba ukukhishwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwamakhemikhali, inqubo yayo yokusebenza ayibangeli izinguquko ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ezinto ezikhishiwe (noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali), ngakho-ke ukusebenza kokukhipha kuyinqubo engokwenyama.
I-distillation ekhishwayo i-distillation phambi kwendawo encibilikayo kalula, ephezulu yokubilisa, kanye nengxenye engaguquguquki, futhi lesi sithako esincibilikayo ngokwaso asiwakhi indawo yokubilisa eqhubekayo nezinye izingxenye zengxube. I-distillation ekhishwayo ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amanye amasistimu ngokuguquguquka okuhlobene okuphansi kakhulu noma okulinganayo. Njengoba ukuntengantenga kwezingxenye ezimbili zengxube kucishe kulingane, isikhiphi sesigaba esiqinile sizenza zihwamuke cishe ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo, futhi izinga lokuhwamuka liyafana, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukana. Ngakho-ke, amasistimu wokuguquguquka aphansi ngokuvamile anzima ukuwahlukanisa ngenqubo elula yokukhishwa kwe-distillation.

I-distillation ekhishwayo zisebenzisa indawo evamile engaguquguquki, indawo yokubilisa ephezulu, kanye nesincibilikisi esincibilika kalula ukuze kuxutshwe nengxube, kodwa akwenzi indawo yokubilisa engashintshi nezingxenye zengxube. Lesi sincibilikisi sisebenzisana nezingxenye zengxube ngendlela ehlukile, okubangela ukushintshashintsha kwazo okuhlobene. Ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngesikhathi senqubo ye-distillation. Izingxenye eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ziyahlukaniswa futhi zenze umkhiqizo ongaphezulu. Umkhiqizo ophansi uyingxube ye-solvent nenye ingxenye. Njengoba i-solvent ingakhi i-azeotrope nenye ingxenye, ingahlukaniswa ngendlela efanelekile.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yale ndlela ye-distillation ukukhethwa kwe-solvent. I-solvent idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni izingxenye ezimbili. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho ukhetha i-solvent, i-solvent idinga ukukwazi ukuguqula kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwesihlobo, ngaphandle kwalokho kuyoba umzamo oyize. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qaphela umnotho we-solvent (inani elidinga ukusetshenziswa, inani layo kanye nokutholakala kwayo). Kulula futhi ukuhlukanisa kugedlela lombhoshongo. Futhi ayikwazi ukusabela ngokwekhemikhali ngengxenye ngayinye noma ingxube; ayikwazi ukubangela ukugqwala kwezinto zokusebenza. Isibonelo esijwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwe-aniline noma ezinye izithasiselo ezifanele njengesinyibilikisi ukuze kukhishwe i-azeotrope eyenziwe yi-distilling benzene ne-cyclohexane.

Ukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinile kuwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi obuthandwa kakhulu besampula bokwelashwa. Isekelwe ekukhishweni koketshezi oluwuketshezi oluvamile futhi ihlanganisa indlela efanayo yokuncibilika yokusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa ne-HPLC ne-GC esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwezigaba ezimile encwadini lwathuthuka kancane kancane. I-SPE inezici zenani elincane lezincibilikisi eziphilayo, ukunethezeka, ukuphepha, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu. I-SPE ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezine ngokuya ngendlela yayo efanayo yokuchithwa: i-SPE yesigaba sokuhlehla, i-SPE yesigaba esijwayelekile, i-ion exchange SPE, kanye ne-adsorption SPE.

I-SPE isetshenziswa kakhulu ukucubungula amasampula oketshezi, ukukhipha, ukugxilisa ingqondo nokuhlanza izinhlanganisela ezingaguquki nezingaguquguquki kuzo. Ingasetshenziswa futhi kumasampula aqinile, kodwa kufanele icutshungulwe ibe uketshezi kuqala. Njengamanje, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinhloko e-China ukuhlaziya izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons nama-PCB emanzini, ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela ze-pesticide kanye ne-herbicide ezithelweni, imifino nokudla, ukuhlaziywa kwama-antibiotics, nokuhlaziywa kwezidakamizwa zomtholampilo.

Idivayisi ye-SPE yenziwe ngekholomu encane ye-SPE kanye nezinsiza. Ikholomu encane ye-SPE yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu, ithubhu yekholomu, i-sintered pad nokupakisha. Izinsiza ze-SPE ngokuvamile zifaka isistimu yevacuum, iphampu yevacuum, idivayisi yokomisa, umthombo wegesi ongasebenzi, isampuli yomthamo omkhulu kanye nebhodlela lebhafa.

Isampula ehlanganisa izinto ezihlukanisiwe kanye neziphazamiso zidlula ku-adsorbent; i-adsorbent igcina ngokukhetha izinto ezihlukanisiwe nezinye iziphazamiso, kanti ezinye iziphazamiso zidlula ku-adsorbent; hlambulula i-adsorbent nge-solvent efanelekile ukuze ukhethe iziphazamiso ezigcinwe ngaphambilini Ngemva kokukhipha, izinto ezihlukanisiwe zihlala embhedeni we-adsorbent; impahla ehlukanisiwe ehlanziwe futhi egxilile igezwa ku-adsorbent.

Ukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinile kuyinqubo yokukhipha ngokomzimba ehlanganisa izigaba eziwuketshezi neziqinile. Kuukukhishwa kwesigaba esiqinile, amandla e-adsorption we-solid phase extractor ngokumelene nokuhlukaniswa makhulu kunalawo we-solvent encibilikisa ukuhlukaniswa. Lapho isixazululo sesampula sidlula embhedeni we-adsorbent, into ehlukanisiwe igxiliswa endaweni yayo, futhi ezinye izingxenye zesampula zidlula embhedeni we-adsorbent; nge-adsorbent akhangisa kuphela into ehlukanisiwe futhi engakhangisi ezinye izingxenye zesampula, isihlukanisi esihlanzekile kakhulu nesigxilile singatholakala.