1. Uphando olusisiseko kwi-nucleic acids: i-genomic cloning
2. I-PCR ye-asymmetric ukulungiselela i-DNA enemisonto enye yokulandelelana kwe-DNA
3. Ukumiselwa kwemimandla ye-DNA engaziwayo nge-PCR eguqukileyo
4. I-PCR ye-reverse transcription (RT-PCR) isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa inqanaba le-gene expression kwiiseli, isixa se-RNA virus kunye ne-cloning ngqo ye-cDNA yeegenes ezithile.
5. Fluorescence quantitative PCR isetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso ngexesha lokwenyani kwiimveliso zePCR.
6. Ukwandiswa ngokukhawuleza kweziphelo ze-cDNA
7. Ukufunyanwa kwembonakalo yemfuza
8. Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango: ukufumanisa izifo zebhaktheriya kunye nentsholongwane; ukuxilongwa kwezifo zofuzo; ukuxilongwa kwamathumba; isicelo kubungqina bophando