I-SPE ibikho amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ngesizathu esihle. Xa izazinzulu zifuna ukususa amacandelo angasemva kwiisampulu zabo, bajongene nomceli mngeni wokwenza oko ngaphandle kokunciphisa amandla abo okugqiba ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanekileyo ubukho kunye nobuninzi bekhompawundi yabo yomdla. I-SPE yenye yeendlela ezihlala zisetyenziswa zizazinzulu ukunceda ukulungiselela iisampulu zazo zesixhobo esibuthathaka esisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lobungakanani. I-SPE yomelele, isebenzela uluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo zeesampulu, kwaye iimveliso ezintsha ze-SPE kunye neendlela ziyaqhubeka nokuphuhliswa. Embindini wokuphuhlisa ezo ndlela luxabiso lokuba nangona igama elithi "chromatography" lingabonakali kwigama lobuchwephesha, i-SPE nangona kunjalo luhlobo lolwahlulo lwechromatographic.

SPE: IChromatography ethuleyo

Kukho intetho yakudala ethi, “ukuba umthi uthe wawa ehlathini, kungekho mntu uwuvayo, uyavakala na?” Loo mazwi asikhumbuza nge-SPE. Oku kunokubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukutsho, kodwa xa sicinga nge-SPE, umbuzo uba “ukuba ulwahlulo luyenzeka kwaye akukho sitshixo sirekhoda, ngaba ichromatography yenzeka ngokwenene?” Kwimeko ye-SPE, impendulo ngu-"ewe!" Xa uphuhlisa okanye ulungisa ingxaki yendlela ye-SPE, kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ukukhumbula ukuba i-SPE yichromatography nje ngaphandle kwechromatogram. Xa ucinga ngako, wayengenguye uMikhail Tsvet, owaziwa ngokuba “nguyise wechromatography,” wenza into ebesiya kuyibiza ngokuba yi “SPE” namhlanje? Xa wayesahlula imixube yakhe yemibala yezityalo ngokuvumela umxhuzulane ukuba uwathwale, anyibilikiswe kwisinyibilikisi, ngokhuko lwetshokhwe esemhlabeni, ngaba yayahluke kakhulu kunendlela yale mihla ye-SPE?

Ukuqonda Umzekelo Wakho

Ekubeni i-SPE isekwe kwimigaqo yechromatographic, entliziyweni yazo zonke iindlela ezilungileyo ze-SPE lubudlelwane phakathi kwabahlalutyi, i-matrix, isigaba sokumisa (i-SPE sorbent), kunye nesigaba seselula (i-solvents esetyenziselwa ukuhlamba okanye ukukhupha isampuli) .

Ukuqonda ubume besampulu yakho kangangoko kunokwenzeka yeyona ndawo ilungileyo yokuqalisa ukuba kufuneka uphuhlise okanye uxazulule indlela ye-SPE. Ukuze ugweme uvavanyo olungeyomfuneko kunye nempazamo ngexesha lophuhliso lwendlela, iinkcazo zeempawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zabo bobabini abahlalutyi bakho kunye ne-matrix luncedo kakhulu. Nje ukuba uyazi malunga nesampulu yakho, uya kuba kwindawo engcono yokuthelekisa loo sampuli kunye nemveliso efanelekileyo ye-SPE. Ngokomzekelo, ukwazi i-polarity ehambelanayo yabahlalutyi xa kuthelekiswa nomnye kunye ne-matrix inokukunceda ukuba wenze isigqibo sokuba ukusebenzisa i-polarity ukwahlula abahlalutyi kwi-matrix yindlela efanelekileyo. Ukwazi ukuba ngaba abahlalutyi bakho abathabathi cala okanye banokubakho kumazwe ahlawuliswayo kunokukunceda ukwalathise kwiimveliso ze-SPE ezigxile ekugcineni okanye ekucaciseni abangathathi hlangothi, abahlawuliswa kakuhle, okanye iintlobo ezihlawuliswa kakubi. Ezi ngcamango zimbini zimele ezimbini zezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iipropati zokuhlalutya ukunyusa xa kuphuhliswa iindlela ze-SPE kunye nokukhetha iimveliso ze-SPE. Ukuba unokuchaza abahlalutyi bakho kunye nezinto eziphambili zematrix kule migaqo, usendleleni eya ekukhetheni umkhombandlela olungileyo wophuhliso lwendlela yakho ye-SPE.

Ukwahlulwa ngokuBambisana

Imigaqo echaza ulwahlulo olwenzeka kwikholamu ye-LC, umzekelo, iyadlalwa kulwahlulo lwe-SPE. Isiseko salo naluphi na ukwahlukana kwechromatographic kuseka inkqubo enamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okunxibelelana phakathi kwamacandelo esampula kunye nezigaba ezibini ezikhoyo kwikholam okanye i-cartridge ye-SPE, isigaba esihambayo kunye nesigaba sokumisa.

Elinye lamanyathelo okuqala okuziva ukhululekile ngophuhliso lwendlela ye-SPE kukuqhelana neentlobo ezimbini ezixhaphakileyo zokudibana ezisetyenziswa kulwahlulo lwe-SPE: i-polarity kunye/okanye urhulumente wentlawulo.

I-Polarity

Ukuba uya kusebenzisa i-polarity ukucoca isampuli yakho, enye yezinto zokuqala ozikhethayo kukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi "imo" eyona ilungileyo. Kungcono ukusebenza ngeSPE esiphakathi esiphakathi kunye nesigaba esihambayo esingekho mhlophe (okt imo yesiqhelo) okanye ngokuchaseneyo, iSPE esiphakathi esingekho mhlophe sidityaniswe nesigaba esiphathwayo esinobupolar (okt imo ebuyiselwe umva, ebizwa ngokuba ichasene "yemo yesiqhelo" esekwe ekuqaleni).

Njengoko uphonononga iimveliso ze-SPE, uya kufumanisa ukuba izigaba ze-SPE zikhona kuluhlu lweepolarities. Ngaphezu koko, ukhetho lwenqanaba le-solvent ye-mobile ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwe-polarities, ehlala ifundeka kakhulu ngokusetyenziswa komxube we-solvents, i-buffers, okanye ezinye izongezo. Kukho iqondo elikhulu le-finesse enokwenzeka xa usebenzisa iyantlukwano yepolarity njengophawu oluphambili lokuxhaphaza ukwahlula abahlalutyi bakho kuphazamiseko lwematrix (okanye omnye komnye).

Gcina nje ukhumbula i-adage yakudala ye-chemistry "njengokunyibilika njenge" xa ucinga nge-polarity njengomqhubi wokwahlukana. Okukhona i-compound ifana kakhulu kwi-polarity yesigaba esihambayo okanye esimileyo, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba isebenzisana ngamandla ngakumbi. Unxibelelwano olomeleleyo kunye nenqanaba lokumisa lukhokelela kugcino olude kwi-SPE medium. Ukusebenzisana okunamandla kunye nesigaba seselula kukhokelela ekugcinweni okuncinci kunye nokukhutshwa kwangaphambili.

Ilizwe lokuTyala

Ukuba abahlalutyi bomdla bahlala bekho kwimeko ehlawuliswayo okanye bayakwazi ukubekwa kwimeko ehlawuliswayo ngokwemiqathango yesisombululo abanyibilikisiweyo kuyo (umz. pH), ngoko enye indlela enamandla yokuzahlula kwi-matrix (okanye nganye enye) kungokusetyenziswa kwamajelo eendaba e-SPE anokubatsalela ngentlawulo eyeyabo.

Kule meko, imigaqo yokutsala i-electrostatic yakudala iyasebenza. Ngokungafaniyo nezahlulo ezixhomekeke kwiimpawu zepolarity kunye nemodeli "efana nokunyibilika njenge" yonxibelelwano, unxibelelwano lwelizwe oluhlawuliswayo lusebenza kumgaqo "wezichasi ezitsalayo." Umzekelo, unokuba ne-SPE medium enentlawulo entle kumphezulu wayo. Ukulinganisa laa ndawo inetyala elincomekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho uhlobo oluhlawuliswa kakubi (i anion) ebotshelelwe kuyo ekuqaleni. Ukuba umhlalutyi wakho ohlawuliswa kakubi ungeniswa kwisistim, unakho ukukhupha i-anion ebotshwe ekuqaleni kunye nokusebenzisana nomphezulu we-SPE ohlawulwe kakuhle. Oku kubangela ukugcinwa komhlalutyi kwisigaba se-SPE. Oku kutshintshwa kwee-anion kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Anion Exchange" kwaye ngumzekelo nje omnye woluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ze-SPE "Ion Exchange". Kulo mzekelo, iintlobo ezihlawuliswa kakuhle ziya kuba nenkuthazo eyomeleleyo yokuhlala kwisigaba esihambayo kwaye zingasebenzisani nomphezulu we-SPE ohlawulweyo, ngoko ke aziyi kugcinwa. Kwaye, ngaphandle kokuba umphezulu we-SPE unezinye iimpawu ukongeza kwiipropathi zawo zokutshintshiselana nge-ion, iintlobo ezingathathi hlangothi nazo ziyakugcinwa kancinci (nangona, iimveliso ze-SPE ezidityanisiweyo zikhona, zikuvumela ukuba usebenzise utshintshiselwano lwe-ion kunye neendlela ezibuyisiweyo zokugcina isigaba kwindawo efanayo ye-SPE. ).

Ukwahlula okubalulekileyo okumele kugcinwe engqondweni xa usebenzisa iindlela zokutshintshiselana kwe-ion luhlobo lwemeko yentlawulo yomhlalutyi. Ukuba i-analyte ihlala ihlawuliswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-pH yesisombululo ikuyo, ithathwa njengeentlobo "ezinamandla". Ukuba i-analyte ihlawuliswa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile ze-pH, kuthathwa njengeentlobo "ezibuthathaka". Olu luphawu olubalulekileyo omele uluqonde malunga nabahlalutyi bakho kuba luya kugqiba ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwemithombo yeendaba ye-SPE oza kuyisebenzisa. Ngokubanzi, ukucinga malunga nokuhamba kunye kuya kunceda apha. Kucetyiswa ukuba udibanise i-ion exchange ebuthakathaka ye-SPE sorbent kunye neentlobo "ezinamandla" kunye ne-ion exchange sorbent enamandla kunye ne-analyte "ebuthakathaka".