Ukutsalwa kwesigaba esiqinileyosisampulu setekhnoloji yonyango ephuhliswe kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iphuhliswa kwindibaniselwano yotsalo olululwelo oluqinileyo kunye nekholamu yolwelo lwechromatography. Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwahlukana kwesampulu, ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokugxila. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-extraction ye-liquid yendabuko Ukuphucula izinga lokubuyisela uhlalutyi, ukwahlula umhlalutyi kumacandelo aphazamisayo ngokufanelekileyo, ukunciphisa inkqubo yesampula yonyango, kwaye umsebenzi ulula, ugcina ixesha kunye nokugcina umsebenzi. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kumayeza, ukutya, indalo, ukuhlolwa kwemveliso, ishishini lemichiza kunye namanye amacandelo.

Ukukhutshwa ngumsebenzi weyunithi osebenzisa ukunyibilika okwahlukileyo kwamacandelo kwisistim ukwahlula umxube. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokukhupha:

Ukukhutshwa kwe-liquid-liquid, i-solvent ekhethiweyo isetyenziselwa ukwahlula inxalenye ethile kumxube we-liquid. I-solvent kufuneka i-immiscible kunye ne-extracted liquid liquid, ibe ne-solubility ekhethiweyo, kwaye kufuneka ibe nozinzo oluhle lwe-thermal kunye neekhemikhali, kwaye Kukho ubuthi obuncinci kunye ne-corrosiveness. Njengokwahlulwa kwephenol kunye nebenzene; Ukwahlula i-olefins kumaqhezu e-petroleum kunye ne-organic solvents.

Ukutsalwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-leaching, isebenzisa i-solvents ukwahlula amacandelo kumxube oqinileyo, njenge-leaching ishukela kwi-beet beet ngamanzi; ukuvuza ioyile yesoya kwiimbotyi zesoya ngotywala ukunyusa isivuno seoyile; ukukhupha izithako ezisebenzayo kumayeza emveli aseTshayina ngamanzi Ukulungiswa kwesicatshulwa solwelo kubizwa ngokuba yi "leaching" okanye "leaching".

Nangona ukukhutshwa kudla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zemichiza, inkqubo yokusebenza kwayo ayibangeli utshintsho kwimichiza yezinto ezikhutshiweyo (okanye ukuphendula kweekhemikhali), ngoko ke umsebenzi wokukhupha yinkqubo yomzimba.
I-extractive distillation yi-distillation phambi kwe-soluble elula, iqondo eliphezulu lokubilisa, kunye necandelo elingaguquguqukiyo, kwaye le nto ngokwayo ayifaki indawo yokubilisa rhoqo kunye namanye amacandelo kumxube. I-extractive distillation idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwahlula ezinye iinkqubo ezinobunzima obuphantsi kakhulu okanye obulinganayo. Ekubeni ukuguquguquka kwamacandelo amabini kumxube aphantse alingane, i-extractor yesigaba esiqinileyo ibenza baphuphe phantse kubushushu obufanayo, kwaye iqondo lokunyuka libe ngumphunga liyafana, ukwenza ukwahlukana kube nzima. Ke ngoko, iinkqubo ezisezantsi zokuguquguquka zikholisa ukuba nzima ukuzohlula ngenkqubo elula yokuhluza.

I-distillation ye-Extractive isebenzisa ngokubanzi i-non-volatile, i-high-billing point, kunye ne-solvent e-soluble ngokulula ukudibanisa nomxube, kodwa ayenzi indawo yokubilisa eqhubekayo kunye namacandelo kumxube. Esi sinyibilikisi sisebenzisana namacandelo kumxube ngokwahlukileyo, okubangela ukuba ukuguquguquka kwawo kutshintshe. Ukuze babe nokwahlulwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhluza. Amacandelo aguquguqukayo kakhulu ahlukaniswe kwaye enze imveliso ephezulu. Imveliso engezantsi ngumxube we-solvent kunye nelinye icandelo. Ekubeni i-solvent ingenzi i-azeotrope kunye nenye inxalenye, inokwahlulwa ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale ndlela ye-distillation kukukhethwa kwe-solvent. I-solvent idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlukaniseni amacandelo amabini. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba xa ukhetha i-solvent, i-solvent idinga ukukwazi ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukuguquguquka okuhambelanayo, ngaphandle koko kuya kuba ngumzamo ongenamsebenzi. Ngexesha elifanayo, nikela ingqalelo kuqoqosho lwe-solvent (imali ekufuneka isetyenziswe, ixabiso layo kunye nokufumaneka kwayo). Kwakhona kulula ukwahlula kwi-kettle yenqaba. Kwaye ayikwazi ukusabela ngokwekhemikhali kunye necandelo ngalinye okanye umxube; ayinakubangela ukubola kwisixhobo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwe-aniline okanye ezinye izinto ezibambeleyo ezifanelekileyo njengesinyibilikisi ukukhupha i-azeotrope eyenziwe yi-distilling benzene kunye ne-cyclohexane.

Ukutsalwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye siya sithandwa ngakumbi itekhnoloji yonyango lwangaphambi konyango. Isekwe kutsalo lwemveli lolwelo-olulwelo kwaye idibanisa indlela yonyibiliko efanayo yokudibana kweziyobisi kunye ne-HPLC esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye ne-GC. Ulwazi olusisiseko lwezigaba ezimileyo kwincwadi lukhula ngokuthe ngcembe. I-SPE ineempawu zesixa esincinci sezinyibilikisi zendalo, lula, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. I-SPE inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine ngokwendlela efanayo yokuchithwa kwayo: i-SPE yesigaba esibuyisela umva, isigaba esiqhelekileyo se-SPE, i-ion exchange SPE, kunye ne-adsorption SPE.

I-SPE isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukucubungula iisampuli zolwelo, ukukhupha, ukugxila kunye nokucoca i-semi-volatile kunye ne-non-volatile compounds kuzo. Isenokusetyenziselwa iisampulu eziqinileyo, kodwa kufuneka iqwalaselwe ibe lulwelo kuqala. Okwangoku, izicelo eziphambili eTshayina luhlalutyo lwezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons kunye ne-PCB emanzini, uhlalutyo lwe-pesticide kunye neentsalela ze-herbicide kwiziqhamo, imifuno kunye nokutya, uhlalutyo lwe-antibiotics, kunye nohlalutyo lwamachiza eklinikhi.

Isixhobo se-SPE senziwe ngekholamu encinci ye-SPE kunye nezixhobo. Ikholamu encinci ye-SPE yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu, ityhubhu yekholomu, i-sintered pad kunye nokupakisha. Izincedisi ze-SPE ngokubanzi ziquka inkqubo yokufunxa, impompo yokufunxa, isixhobo sokomisa, umthombo wegesi ongasebenziyo, isampulu yomthamo omkhulu kunye nebhotile yesithinteli.

Isampulu ebandakanya izinto ezihlukeneyo kunye nokuphazamiseka kudlula kwi-adsorbent; i-adsorbent igcina ngokukhetha izinto ezihlukeneyo kunye nezinye iziphazamiso, kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zidlula kwi-adsorbent; hlambulula i-adsorbent nge-solvent efanelekileyo ukwenzela ukuba iziphazamiso ezigcinwe ngaphambili zikhethiweyo Emva kokukhupha, izinto ezihlukeneyo zihlala kumbhede we-adsorbent; izinto ezihlanjululweyo kunye nezigxininisiweyo ezihlukeneyo zihlanjwe kwi-adsorbent.

Ukutsalwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo yinkqubo yokukhutshwa komzimba equka izigaba ezimanzi neziqinileyo. Kwiukutsalwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo, i-adsorption force ye-solid phase extractor ngokuchasene nokwahlula inkulu kune-solvent echitha ukwahlukana. Xa isisombululo sesampulu sidlula kwibhedi ye-adsorbent, i-substance ehlukanisiweyo igxininiswe kumphezulu wayo, kwaye amanye amacandelo esampuli adlula kwibhedi ye-adsorbent; nge-adsorbent ebhengeza kuphela into eyahluliweyo kwaye ayibhengezi ezinye iinxalenye zesampulu, ucoceko oluphezulu kunye nolwahluli olugxininisiweyo lunokufumaneka.