Kubviswa kwechikamu chakasimbandiyo muenzaniso tekinoroji yekurapa yakagadziriswa mumakore achangopfuura. Iyo inogadzirwa kubva mukusanganiswa kwemvura-yakasimba kudhirowa uye column liquid chromatography. Inonyanya kushandiswa kupatsanurwa kwemuenzaniso, kucheneswa uye kuisa pfungwa. Kuenzaniswa neyechinyakare mvura-yemvura kudhirowa Kuvandudza mwero wekudzoreredza weanalyte, patsanura muongorori kubva kune zvinokanganisa zvikamu zvinobudirira, dzikisa sampuli pretreatment process, uye mashandiro ari nyore, kuchengetedza nguva uye kuchengetedza basa. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa, chikafu, nharaunda, commodity kuongorora, indasitiri yemakemikari uye mamwe minda.

Kudonhedza ibasa reyuniti rinoshandisa kunyungudika kwakasiyana kwezvikamu zviri muhurongwa kuparadzanisa musanganiswa. Pane nzira mbiri dzekubvisa:

Liquid-liquid extraction, sarudzo yakasarudzwa inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa chimwe chikamu mumusanganiswa wemvura. Mushonga unofanirwa kunge usingasanganisike nemusanganiswa wakabviswa mvura, uve nekunyungudika kwakasarudzika, uye unofanirwa kuve nekugadzikana kwakanaka kwemafuta uye kemikari, uye Pane muchetura uye corrosiveness. Zvakadai sekuparadzaniswa kwe phenol ne benzene; kupatsanurwa kweolefins muzvikamu zvepetroleum zvine organic solvents.

Kubviswa kwechikamu chakasimba, iyo inonziwo leaching, inoshandisa zvinonyungudutsa kuti zviparadzanise zvikamu mumusanganiswa wakasimba, zvakadai seshuga yekucheka mushuga beet nemvura; Kubvisa mafuta esoya kubva kubhinzi nedoro kuwedzera goho remafuta; Leaching active ingredients kubva muchinyakare Chinese mushonga nemvura Kugadzirira kwemvura inotorwa inonzi "leaching" kana "leaching".

Kunyangwe kudhirowa kuchiwanzo shandiswa mukuedza kwemakemikari, maitiro ayo ekushanda haakonzeri shanduko mukugadzirwa kwekemikari yezvinhu zvakabviswa (kana kemikari maitiro), saka kudhirowa kunoitwa kwemuviri.
Extractive distillation is distillation in the presence of an easy soluble, high boiling point, and non-volatile component, uye ichi chinonyungudutsa pachacho hachigadziri chigarire chekubikira pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu mumusanganiswa. Extractive distillation inowanzo shandiswa kupatsanura mamwe masisitimu ane akaderera zvakanyanya kana akaenzana akaenzana kusagadzikana. Sezvo kushanduka kwezvikamu zviviri mumusanganiswa zvakada kuenzana, chidhiraivho chakasimba chinoita kuti zvinyunguduke pakunenge tembiricha imwe chete, uye dhigirii rekubuda kwemvura yakafanana, zvichiita kuti kupatsanurwa kunetse. Naizvozvo, masisitimu akaderera anowanzo kunetsa kupatsanurwa neiyo nyore distillation maitiro.

Extractive distillation inoshandisa kazhinji isina kuvhuvhuta, yakanyanya kufashaira poindi, uye nyore soluble solvent kusanganisa nemusanganiswa, asi haiumbe inogara ichifashaira ine zvikamu zviri mumusanganiswa. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvinopindirana nezvikamu zviri mumusanganiswa zvakasiyana, zvichiita kuti hukama hwavo huchinje kuchinja. Kuitira kuti vapatsanurwe panguva yekugadzira distillation. Izvo zvikamu zvinoputika zvakanyanya zvinoparadzaniswa uye zvinoumba chigadzirwa chepamusoro. Chigadzirwa chepasi chisanganiswa che solvent uye chimwe chikamu. Sezvo iyo solvent isingagadziri azeotrope nechimwe chikamu, inogona kuparadzaniswa nenzira yakakodzera.

Chikamu chakakosha cheiyi distillation nzira ndeyekusarudzwa kwe solvent. The solvent inoita basa rinokosha pakuparadzanisa zvikamu zviviri. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pakusarudza solvent, solvent inoda kukwanisa kuchinja zvakanyanya kushanduka kwehama, kana zvisina kudaro ichava kuedza kusina maturo. Panguva imwecheteyo, teerera kune hupfumi hwekugadzirisa (mari inoda kushandiswa, mutengo wayo uye kuwanikwa kwayo). Zviri nyore zvakare kuparadzanisa mushongwe kettle. Uye haikwanise kuita zvemakemikari nechikamu chimwe nechimwe kana musanganiswa; haigoni kukonzera ngura mumidziyo. Muenzaniso wakajairika kushandiswa kweaniline kana zvimwe zvinotsiva zvakakodzera semunyungudutsa kubvisa azeotrope inoumbwa nekudhirisa benzene uye cyclohexane.

Solid chikamu kudhirowa ndiyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye inowedzera kufarirwa sample pretreatment tekinoroji. Iyo yakavakirwa pane yechinyakare mvura-yemvura kudhirowa uye inosanganisa yakafanana nzira yekunyungudika yekusangana kwezvinhu neiyo inonyanya kushandiswa HPLC uye GC. Ruzivo rwekutanga rwezvikamu zvakamira mubhuku zvakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. SPE ine hunhu hwehudiki hudiki hwezvinonyungudutsa, kurerukirwa, kuchengetedzeka, uye kugona kwakanyanya. SPE inogona kukamurwa kuita mhando ina maererano neyakafanana nzira yekunyungudika: reverse phase SPE, yakajairika chikamu SPE, ion exchange SPE, uye adsorption SPE.

SPE inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira masampuli emvura, kuburitsa, kuisa pfungwa uye kuchenesa semi-inovhuvhuta uye isina-inovhuvhuta makomisheni mairi. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kune yakasimba samples, asi inofanirwa kugadziriswa kuita mvura kutanga. Parizvino, mashandisirwo makuru muChina ndeyekuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa senge polycyclic inonhuhwirira hydrocarbons uye maPCB mumvura, kuongororwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene uye masara emishonga yesora mumichero, miriwo uye chikafu, kuongororwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye kuongororwa kwemishonga yekiriniki.

Iyo SPE mudziyo inoumbwa neSPE diki column uye accessories. SPE diki column inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu, column chubhu, sintered pad uye kurongedza. SPE accessories zvinowanzo sanganisira vacuum system, vacuum pombi, yekuomesa mudziyo, inert gasi sosi, hombe-sampler uye bhodhoro rebuffer.

Muenzaniso unosanganisira zvinhu zvakapatsanurwa uye zvinokanganisa zvinopfuura neadsorbent; iyo adsorbent inosarudza inochengetedza zvinhu zvakaparadzana uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa, uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinopfuura neadsorbent; sukurudza adsorbent nemushonga wakakodzera kuitira kuti zvipingamupinyi zvakambochengetedzwa zvisarudze Mushure mekubvarura, chinhu chakaparadzaniswa chinoramba chiri pamubhedha we adsorbent; iyo yakanatswa uye yakadzika yakaparadzaniswa zvinhu inoshambidzwa kubva kune adsorbent.

Solid phase extraction inzira yekubvisa yemuviri inosanganisira mvura uye yakasimba nhanho. Inkubviswa kwechikamu chakasimba, iyo adsorption simba reiyo solid phase extractor inopesana nekupatsanurwa yakakura kudarika iyo inonyungudutsa iyo inopedza kupatsanurwa. Apo mhinduro yemuenzaniso inopfuura nepamubhedha we-adsorbent, chinhu chakaparadzaniswa chinosungirirwa pamusoro payo, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemuenzaniso zvinopfuura nemubhedha we-adsorbent; kuburikidza ne-adsorbent iyo inongoshambadza iyo yakaparadzaniswa chinhu uye isingashambadziri zvimwe zvikamu zvemuenzaniso, kuchena kwepamusoro uye kuparadzanisa kuparadzanisa kunogona kuwanikwa.