Gukuramo icyiciro gikomeyeni icyitegererezo cyo kwitegura mbere yimyaka yashize. Yatejwe imbere kuva mukomatanya kuvoma-gukomera hamwe ninkingi ya chromatografiya. Ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo gutandukanya, kweza no kwibanda. Ugereranije no kuvoma ibintu bisanzwe byamazi-Amazi Kunoza igipimo cyo gukira kwa analyte, tandukanya analyte nibice bivangavanze neza, ugabanye icyitegererezo cyo kwitegura, kandi imikorere iroroshye, itwara igihe kandi ikiza akazi. Ikoreshwa cyane mubuvuzi, ibiryo, ibidukikije, kugenzura ibicuruzwa, inganda zimiti nizindi nzego.

Gukuramo nigikorwa cyibikorwa bikoresha solubilité zitandukanye yibigize muri sisitemu yo gutandukanya imvange. Hariho inzira ebyiri zo gukuramo:

Gukuramo amazi-yamazi, icyatoranijwe cyatoranijwe gikoreshwa mugutandukanya ikintu runaka muruvange rwamazi. Umuti ugomba kuba udasobanutse hamwe namazi yavanze avanze, afite ubushobozi bwo guhitamo, kandi agomba kugira ubushyuhe bwiza nubushyuhe, kandi hariho uburozi buke no kwangirika. Nko gutandukanya fenol na benzene; gutandukanya olefine mu bice bya peteroli hamwe na solge organic.

Gukuramo icyiciro gikomeye, nanone bita leaching, ikoresha ibishishwa kugirango itandukanye ibice bivanze bikomeye, nko gusukamo isukari muri beterave isukari n'amazi; gusiga amavuta ya soya muri soya hamwe n'inzoga kugirango umusaruro wiyongere; gusohora ibintu bifatika biva mubuvuzi gakondo bwubushinwa hamwe namazi Gutegura ibimera bivamo amazi byitwa "leaching" cyangwa "leaching".

Nubwo gukuramo akenshi bikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwa chimique, imikorere yacyo ntabwo itera impinduka mubigize imiti yibintu byakuwe (cyangwa reaction ya chimique), bityo ibikorwa byo kubikuramo nibikorwa byumubiri.
Gukuramo ibishishwa ni ugusibanganya imbere yikibazo cyoroshye, ahantu hatetse cyane, hamwe nibidahindagurika, kandi iki gisubizo ubwacyo ntigikora umwanya uhoraho hamwe nibindi bice bivanze. Gukuramo ibishishwa mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugutandukanya sisitemu zimwe na zimwe cyane cyangwa zingana zingana. Kubera ko ihindagurika ryibice byombi muruvange rungana hafi, ikuramo icyiciro gikomeye ituma bahumeka hafi yubushyuhe bumwe, kandi urwego rwo guhumeka rusa, bigatuma gutandukana bigorana. Kubwibyo, ugereranije ni bike sisitemu ihindagurika mubisanzwe biragoye gutandukana nuburyo bworoshye bwo gusibanganya.

Gukuramo ibishishwa bikoresha muri rusange bidahindagurika, bihiye cyane, kandi byoroshye gushonga kugirango bivangwe nuruvange, ariko ntibishobora guhora bibira hamwe nibigize bivanze. Iyi solvent ikorana nibice bivanze bitandukanye, bigatuma ihindagurika ryabo rihinduka. Kugirango bashobore gutandukana mugihe cyo guswera. Ibice bihindagurika cyane biratandukanye kandi bigakora ibicuruzwa byo hejuru. Igicuruzwa cyo hasi ni uruvange rwumuti nibindi bikoresho. Kubera ko umusemburo udakora azeotrope hamwe nibindi bice, birashobora gutandukanywa nuburyo bukwiye.

Igice cyingenzi cyubu buryo bwo gutandukanya ni uguhitamo igisubizo. Umuti ugira uruhare runini mugutandukanya ibice byombi. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko mugihe uhisemo igisubizo, igisubizo gikeneye gushobora guhindura cyane ihindagurika ugereranije, bitabaye ibyo kugerageza kubusa. Mugihe kimwe, witondere ubukungu bwumuti (amafaranga agomba gukoreshwa, igiciro cyacyo no kuboneka). Biroroshye kandi gutandukana mumase yumunara. Kandi ntishobora gukora imiti muburyo bwa buri kintu cyangwa imvange; ntishobora gutera ruswa mubikoresho. Urugero rusanzwe ni ugukoresha aniline cyangwa izindi nsimburangingo zibereye nkumuti wo gukuramo azeotrope ikorwa no gutandukanya benzene na cyclohexane.

Gukuramo icyiciro gikomeye ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane kandi bugenda bwamamara bwa tekinoroji yo kwitegura. Ishingiye ku kuvoma kwa gakondo-amazi kandi ikomatanya uburyo busa bwo gusesa ibintu hamwe na HPLC na GC bikoreshwa cyane. Ubumenyi bwibanze bwicyiciro gihagaze mugitabo buhoro buhoro. SPE ifite ibiranga ubwinshi bwumuti ukungahaye, byoroshye, umutekano, kandi neza. SPE irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bune ukurikije uburyo busa bwo gusesa: icyiciro cya SPE gisubira inyuma, icyiciro gisanzwe SPE, ion guhana SPE, na adsorption SPE.

SPE ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya ibyitegererezo byamazi, kuyikuramo, kwibanda no kweza igice cyimyuka ihindagurika kandi idahindagurika. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa kuburugero rukomeye, ariko igomba kubanza gutunganywa mumazi. Kugeza ubu, ibyingenzi bikoreshwa mu Bushinwa ni isesengura ry’ibintu kama nka hydrocarbone ya polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone na PCBs mu mazi, isesengura ry’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza imbuto, imboga n’ibiribwa, isesengura rya antibiotike, n’isesengura ry’imiti ivura.

Igikoresho cya SPE kigizwe na SPE ntoya hamwe nibikoresho. SPE ntoya inkingi igizwe nibice bitatu, umuyoboro winkingi, icyuma cyacapishijwe no gupakira. Ibikoresho bya SPE muri rusange birimo sisitemu ya vacuum, pompe vacuum, igikoresho cyumisha, isoko ya gaze ya inert, sampler ifite ubushobozi bunini hamwe nicupa rya buffer.

Icyitegererezo kirimo ibintu bitandukanijwe hamwe nintera zinyura muri adsorbent; adsorbent ihitamo kugumana ibintu byatandukanijwe hamwe nimbogamizi zimwe, nizindi mbogamizi zinyura kuri adsorbent; kwoza adsorbent hamwe nigisubizo kiboneye kugirango uhuze interineti yagumanye mbere yo gutoranya Nyuma yo gusohoka, ibikoresho byatandukanijwe biguma kumuriri wa adsorbent; ibikoresho byeze kandi byegeranijwe bitandukanijwe byogejwe kuri adsorbent.

Gukuramo icyiciro gikomeye ni inzira yo gukuramo umubiri irimo ibice byamazi kandi bikomeye. Murigukuramo icyiciro gikomeye, imbaraga za adsorption zo gukuramo ibyiciro bikomeye birwanya gutandukana biruta iby'umuti ushonga gutandukana. Iyo igisubizo cyicyitegererezo kinyuze muburiri bwa adsorbent, ibintu bitandukanijwe byibanze kubuso bwayo, nibindi bice byintangarugero binyura muburiri bwa adsorbent; unyuze kuri adsorbent yerekana gusa ibintu byatandukanijwe kandi ntago itanga ibindi bice byintangarugero, ubuziranenge-bwinshi kandi butandukanya ibintu bishobora kuboneka.