Zearalenone (ZEN)amadziwikanso kuti F-2 poizoni. Amapangidwa ndi bowa osiyanasiyana a fusarium monga Graminearum, Culmorum ndi Crookwellese. Zowopsa za fungal zimatulutsidwa m'nthaka. Mapangidwe a mankhwala a ZEN adatsimikiziridwa ndi Urry mu 1966 pogwiritsa ntchito nuclear magnetic resonance, classical chemistry ndi mass spectrometry, ndipo adatchedwa: 6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-trans-1-decene) -β -Ranoic acid-lactone . Mamolekyu amtundu wa ZEN ndi 318, malo osungunuka ndi 165 ° C, ndipo ali ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha. Sidzawola ikatenthedwa pa 120 ° C kwa maola 4; ZEN ili ndi mawonekedwe a fulorosenti ndipo imatha kuzindikirika ndi chowunikira cha fulorosenti; ZEN sidzapezeka m'madzi, S2C ndi CC14 Dissolve; Ndikosavuta kusungunula mu njira za alkali monga sodium hydroxide ndi organic solvents monga methanol. ZEN imaipitsa mbewu ndi zotulukapo zake padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwononga kwambiri mafakitale obzala ndi kuswana, ndikuyikanso chiwopsezo ku chitetezo cha chakudya.

Mulingo wochepera wa Zen muzakudya ndi chakudya

Zearalenonekuipitsa sikungochepetsa ubwino wa zinthu zaulimi ndi chakudya, komanso kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chitukuko cha zachuma. Nthawi yomweyo, thanzi la anthu lidzayambanso chifukwa cha kudya zonyansa za ZEN kapena nyama yotsalira ndi mkaka ndi zakudya zina zochokera ku nyama. Ndi kuwopsezedwa. "GB13078.2-2006 Feed Hygiene Standard" ya dziko langa imafuna kuti ZEN zili mu zearalenone mu chakudya chamagulu ndi chimanga zisapitirire 500 μg/kg. Malinga ndi zofunikira zaposachedwa kwambiri za "GB 2761-2011 Mycotoxins in Foods Limits" zomwe zidatulutsidwa mu 2011, zomwe zili mu zearalenone ZEN mumbewu ndi zinthu zawo ziyenera kukhala zosakwana 60μg/kg. Malinga ndi "Feed Hygiene Standards" yomwe ikukonzedwanso, malire okhwima kwambiri a zearalenone mu chakudya chamagulu a ana a nkhumba ndi ana a nkhumba ndi 100 μg/kg. Kuonjezera apo, France imanena kuti chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha zearalenone mumbewu ndi mafuta ogwiririra ndi 200 μg / kg; Russia imanena kuti mlingo wovomerezeka wa zearalenone mu durum tirigu, ufa, ndi nyongolosi ya tirigu ndi 1000 μg/kg; Uruguay imanena kuti kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa zearalenone mu chimanga, Kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa zearalenone ZEN mu balere ndi 200μg/kg. Zitha kuwoneka kuti maboma a mayiko osiyanasiyana azindikira pang'onopang'ono kuvulaza komwe zearalenone imabweretsa kwa nyama ndi anthu, koma sanafikirebe malire omwe adagwirizana.

Zowopsa zaZearalenone

ZEN ndi mtundu wa estrogen. Kakulidwe, kakulidwe ndi kubereka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya ZEN zidzakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa estrogen. Pakati pa nyama zonse, nkhumba ndizovuta kwambiri ku ZEN. Zowopsa za ZEN pa zoweta ndi izi: pambuyo pofesa mbewu zazikulu ndi poizoni wa ZEN, ziwalo zawo zoberekera zidzakula mosadziwika bwino, limodzi ndi zizindikiro monga ovarian dysplasia ndi matenda a endocrine; nkhumba zokhala ndi pakati zili mu ZEN Kupita padera, kubadwa msanga, kapena kuchulukitsa kwa ana osaumbika bwino, kubala ana akufa ndi ofooka omwe amatha kuchitika pambuyo pa poizoni; Nkhumba zoyamwitsa zidzachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mkaka kapena kulephera kutulutsa mkaka; Nthawi yomweyo, ana a nkhumba amwa mkaka wokhudzana ndi ZEN adzakhalanso Zizindikiro monga kukula pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa estrogen, milandu yoopsa imamenyedwa ndi njala ndipo pamapeto pake kufa.

ZEN sikuti imakhudza nkhuku ndi ziweto zokha, komanso imakhala ndi poizoni wamphamvu pa anthu. ZEN imaunjikana m’thupi la munthu, zimene zimatha kuyambitsa zotupa, kuchepetsa DNA, ndi kupanga ma chromosome kukhala achilendo. ZEN ilinso ndi zotsatira za carcinogenic ndipo imalimbikitsa kukula kosalekeza kwa ma cell a khansa mu minofu ya munthu kapena ziwalo. Kukhalapo kwa poizoni wa ZEN kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa khansa mu mbewa zoyesera. Kuyesa kowonjezereka kwatsimikiziranso izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ZEN m'thupi la munthu kumayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana monga khansa ya m'mawere kapena hyperplasia.

Njira yodziwirazearalenone

Chifukwa ZEN ili ndi zowononga zambiri komanso zovulaza zambiri, ntchito yoyesa ya ZEN ndiyofunika kwambiri. Pakati pa njira zonse zodziwira za ZEN, zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: njira ya zida za chromatographic (zida: kuzindikira kuchuluka, kulondola kwambiri, koma ntchito yovuta komanso mtengo wokwera kwambiri); immunoassay yolumikizidwa ndi ma enzyme (zida: kukhudzika kwakukulu komanso mphamvu zochulukirapo, koma Opaleshoniyo ndi yovuta, nthawi yodziwikiratu ndi yayitali, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera); njira yoyesera yagolide ya colloidal (zowoneka: mwachangu komanso zosavuta, zotsika mtengo, koma kulondola ndi kubwerezabwereza ndikochepa, sikungathe kuwerengera); fluorescence kuchuluka kwa immunochromatography (zizindikiro: kufulumira Kuwerengera kosavuta komanso kolondola, kulondola kwabwino, koma kumafunika kugwiritsa ntchito zida, ma reagents ochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana sali onse).