SPE yakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo pazifukwa zomveka. Asayansi akafuna kuchotsa zigawo zakumbuyo kuchokera ku zitsanzo zawo, amakumana ndi vuto lochita izi popanda kuchepetsa kuthekera kwawo kudziwa molondola komanso molondola kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa chidwi chawo. SPE ndi njira imodzi yomwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera zitsanzo zawo za zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula kuchuluka. SPE ndi yolimba, imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zatsopano za SPE ndi njira zikupitilira kupangidwa. Pakatikati pakupanga njirazi ndikuyamikira kuti ngakhale mawu oti "chromatography" samawoneka m'dzina laukadaulo, SPE ndi njira yolekanitsa ma chromatographic.

SPE: The Silent Chromatography

Pali mwambi wakale wakuti "ngati mtengo ugwera m'nkhalango, ndipo palibe amene angamve, kodi umamvekabe?" Mawu amenewo akutikumbutsa za SPE. Izi zitha kuwoneka zachilendo kunena, koma tikaganizira za SPE, funso limakhala "ngati kupatukana kukuchitika ndipo palibe chowunikira chojambulira, kodi chromatography idachitikadi?" Pankhani ya SPE, yankho lake ndi "inde!" Mukamapanga kapena kuthetsa njira ya SPE, zingakhale zothandiza kukumbukira kuti SPE ndi chromatography chabe popanda chromatogram. Mukaganizira, kodi Mikhail Tsvet, yemwe amadziwika kuti "tate wa chromatography," sanali kuchita zomwe tingatchule "SPE" lerolino? Pamene analekanitsa zosakaniza zake za inki ya zomera polola mphamvu yokoka kuti iwanyamule, kusungunuka mu zosungunulira, kupyolera pa bedi la choko, kodi zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi njira yamakono ya SPE?

Kumvetsetsa Chitsanzo Chanu

Popeza SPE imachokera ku mfundo za chromatographic, pamtima pa njira iliyonse yabwino ya SPE ndi mgwirizano pakati pa owerengera, matrix, gawo loyima (SPE sorbent), ndi gawo la mafoni (zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka kapena kutulutsa chitsanzo) .

Kumvetsetsa mtundu wa chitsanzo chanu momwe mungathere ndi malo abwino oti muyambire ngati mukuyenera kupanga kapena kuthetsa njira ya SPE. Kuti mupewe kuyesa ndi zolakwika zosafunikira panthawi yopanga njira, kufotokozera zakuthupi ndi mankhwala a analytes anu onse ndi matrix ndizothandiza kwambiri. Mukangodziwa za chitsanzo chanu, mudzakhala okonzeka kufananiza chitsanzocho ndi chinthu choyenera cha SPE. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa polarity ya owerengera poyerekeza wina ndi mnzake komanso masanjidwewo kungakuthandizeni kusankha ngati kugwiritsa ntchito polarity kulekanitsa owunika ndi matrix ndi njira yoyenera. Kudziwa ngati owerengera anu salowerera ndale kapena atha kukhala m'maiko omwe amalipiritsa kungakuthandizeninso kukutsogolerani kuzinthu za SPE zomwe zimakhazikika pakusunga kapena kutulutsa osalowerera ndale, zoyipitsidwa bwino, kapena mitundu yoyipa. Mfundo ziwirizi zikuyimira zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti zithandizire popanga njira za SPE ndikusankha zinthu za SPE. Ngati mutha kufotokozera owerengera anu ndi zigawo zodziwika bwino za matrix m'mawu awa, muli panjira yosankha njira yabwino yopangira njira yanu ya SPE.

Kupatukana ndi Affinity

Mfundo zomwe zimatanthauzira kulekanitsa komwe kumachitika mugawo la LC, mwachitsanzo, zikuseweredwa pakupatukana kwa SPE. Maziko a kupatukana kulikonse kwa chromatographic ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lomwe limakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana olumikizirana pakati pa zigawo zachitsanzo ndi magawo awiri omwe ali pamndandanda kapena katiriji ya SPE, gawo loyenda ndi gawo loyima.

Chimodzi mwamasitepe oyamba kuti mukhale omasuka ndi chitukuko cha njira ya SPE ndikudziwa bwino mitundu iwiri yolumikizirana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulekanitsa kwa SPE: polarity ndi/kapena charger.

Polarity

Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito polarity kuti muyeretse chitsanzo chanu, chimodzi mwazosankha zoyamba zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikusankha "mode" yabwino kwambiri. Ndikwabwino kugwira ntchito ndi sing'anga ya SPE ya polar komanso yosagwirizana ndi ma polar (mwachitsanzo, yanthawi zonse) kapena mosiyana, sing'anga ya SPE yosagwirizana ndi polar molumikizana ndi polar (mwachitsanzo, kusinthidwa, komwe kumatchedwa chifukwa ndi zosiyana. za "njira yabwinobwino" yokhazikitsidwa koyamba).

Mukamafufuza zinthu za SPE, mupeza kuti magawo a SPE alipo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha kwa zosungunulira zam'manja zam'manja kumaperekanso mitundu ingapo ya polarities, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma blends a solvents, buffers, kapena zowonjezera zina. Pali kuchuluka kwa finesse kotheka mukamagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa polarity monga chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito kuti mulekanitse owerengera anu ku zosokoneza za matrix (kapena kwa wina ndi mnzake).

Ingokumbukirani mawu akale a chemistry "monga kusungunuka ngati" mukamaganizira za polarity ngati dalaivala wopatukana. Kufanana kophatikizana kumakhala ndi polarity ya gawo loyenda kapena loyima, m'pamenenso amatha kulumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri. Kulumikizana mwamphamvu ndi gawo loyima kumabweretsa kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali pa sing'anga ya SPE. Kulumikizana kwamphamvu ndi gawo la mafoni kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusungika pang'ono komanso kusamalidwa koyambirira.

State State

Ngati owerengera achidwi amakhalapo nthawi zonse m'malo omwe ali ndi mlandu kapena amatha kuyikidwa m'malo oyimbidwa ndi momwe yankho lidasungunuka (mwachitsanzo pH), ndiye njira ina yamphamvu yowalekanitsa ndi matrix (kapena chilichonse. zina) ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma SPE media omwe amatha kuwakopa ndi ndalama zawo.

Pankhaniyi, malamulo akale electrostatic zokopa ntchito. Mosiyana ndi kulekanitsa komwe kumadalira mawonekedwe a polarity ndi "monga kusungunuka ngati" mawonekedwe a kuyanjana, kuyanjana kwapakati pazigawo kumagwira ntchito motsatira lamulo la "otsutsa kukopa." Mwachitsanzo, mutha kukhala ndi sing'anga ya SPE yomwe ili ndi mtengo wabwino pamwamba pake. Kuti muthe kuwongolera bwino pamalopo, pamakhala mtundu wa anion (anion) womwe umakhala nawo poyamba. Ngati analyte anu omwe ali ndi vuto loyipa alowetsedwa m'dongosolo, amatha kuthamangitsa anion yomangidwa poyamba ndikulumikizana ndi malo a SPE okhala ndi charger. Izi zimabweretsa kusungidwa kwa analyte pa gawo la SPE. Kusinthana kwa anions uku kumatchedwa "Anion Exchange" ndipo ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha gulu lalikulu la "Ion Exchange" SPE. Muchitsanzo ichi, zamoyo zokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zitha kukhala ndi chilimbikitso champhamvu kuti zizikhalabe pagulu la mafoni osalumikizana ndi malo a SPE okhala ndi chaji chabwino, kuti zisungidwe. Ndipo, pokhapokha malo a SPE atakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena kuwonjezera pa kusinthana kwa ma ion, mitundu yosalowerera ndale imatha kusungidwanso pang'ono (ngakhale, zinthu zosakanikirana za SPE zilipo, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kusinthana kwa ma ion ndikusintha njira zosunga magawo munjira yomweyo ya SPE. ).

Kusiyanitsa kofunikira kukumbukira mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira ion ndi mtundu wamalipiro a analyte. Ngati analyte amalipidwa nthawi zonse, mosasamala kanthu za pH ya yankho lomwe lirimo, imatengedwa ngati "yamphamvu" yamtundu. Ngati analyte amangoyimbidwa pansi pazifukwa zina za pH, amaonedwa kuti ndi mtundu "wofooka". Ili ndi gawo lofunikira kuti mumvetsetse za omwe akukuwerengerani chifukwa adzazindikira mtundu wamtundu wa SPE media womwe mungagwiritse ntchito. M'mawu ambiri, kuganiza zotsutsana ndikupita limodzi kungathandize pano. Ndikoyenera kuphatikizira sorbent yofooka ya ion SPE ndi mtundu "wamphamvu" ndi sorbent yamphamvu yosinthanitsa ndi ion "yofooka".