Olimba gawo m'zigawondi chitsanzo chaukadaulo wochiritsira chomwe chapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa madzi-olimba m'zigawo ndi mzati wamadzimadzi chromatography. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazitsanzo zolekanitsa, kuyeretsedwa ndi ndende. Poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe madzi-zamadzimadzi m'zigawo Kupititsa patsogolo mlingo kuchira wa analyte, kulekanitsa analyte ku zosokoneza zigawo zikuluzikulu bwino, kuchepetsa chitsanzo pretreatment ndondomeko, ndipo ntchito ndi yosavuta, nthawi yopulumutsa ndi ntchito yopulumutsa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamankhwala, chakudya, chilengedwe, kuyang'anira zinthu, makampani opanga mankhwala ndi zina.

M'zigawo ndi ntchito ya unit yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusungunuka kosiyanasiyana kwa zigawo zomwe zili mu dongosolo kuti zilekanitse kusakaniza. Pali njira ziwiri zochotsera:

Zamadzimadzi-zamadzimadzi m'zigawo, osankhidwa zosungunulira ntchito kulekanitsa chigawo china mu madzi osakaniza. The zosungunulira ayenera immiscible ndi yotengedwa osakaniza madzi, kukhala kusankha solubility, ndipo ayenera kukhala wabwino matenthedwe ndi mankhwala bata, ndipo Pali kawopsedwe pang'ono ndi corrosiveness. Monga kulekana kwa phenol ndi benzene; kulekanitsa olefins mu tizigawo ta petroleum ndi organic solvents.

Olimba gawo m'zigawo, yomwe imatchedwanso leaching, imagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kuti zilekanitse zigawo zomwe zili muzitsulo zolimba, monga leaching shuga mu shuga beets ndi madzi; kutulutsa mafuta a soya ku soya ndi mowa kuti muwonjezere zokolola; Leaching yogwira zosakaniza ku chikhalidwe Chinese mankhwala ndi madzi Kukonzekera kwa madzi Tingafinye amatchedwa "leaching" kapena "leaching".

Ngakhale m'zigawo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera mankhwala, njira yake yogwiritsira ntchito sizimayambitsa kusintha kwa mankhwala a zinthu zomwe zachotsedwa (kapena zochitika za mankhwala), kotero kuti ntchito yochotsa ndi thupi.
Extractive distillation ndi distillation pamaso pa sungunuka mosavuta, mkulu kuwira mfundo, ndi sanali kosakhazikika chigawo chimodzi, ndipo zosungunulira palokha si kupanga zonse kuwira mfundo ndi zigawo zina mu osakaniza. Ma distillation otulutsa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa makina omwe amakhala otsika kwambiri kapena ofanana. Popeza kusasunthika kwa zigawo ziwiri zomwe zili mu osakaniza zimakhala zofanana, chowotcha cholimba chimawapangitsa kuti asungunuke pafupifupi kutentha komweko, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhala kofanana, kumapangitsa kulekana kukhala kovuta. Choncho, machitidwe otsika kwambiri omwe amasinthasintha nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuwalekanitsa ndi njira yosavuta ya distillation.

Kutulutsa m'madzi kumagwiritsa ntchito malo osasunthika, otentha kwambiri, komanso zosungunulira zosungunulira mosavuta kusakanikirana ndi osakaniza, koma sapanga malo otentha nthawi zonse ndi zigawo zake. Chosungunulira ichi chimagwirizana ndi zigawo zomwe zili mu osakaniza mosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusasinthasintha kwawo kusinthe. Kuti athe kulekanitsidwa panthawi ya distillation. Zigawo zowonongeka kwambiri zimasiyanitsidwa ndikupanga mankhwala apamwamba. Pansi mankhwala osakaniza zosungunulira ndi chigawo china. Popeza zosungunulira sizipanga azeotrope ndi chigawo china, akhoza kupatulidwa ndi njira yoyenera.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri la njira iyi ya distillation ndikusankha zosungunulira. Chosungunulira chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulekanitsa zigawo ziwirizi. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti posankha zosungunulira, zosungunulira ziyenera kusintha kwambiri kusinthasintha kwachibale, mwinamwake kudzakhala kuyesa kopanda phindu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tcherani khutu ku chuma cha zosungunulira (ndalama zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mtengo wake ndi kupezeka kwake). Ndikosavuta kupatukana mu ketulo ya nsanja. Ndipo sizingagwirizane ndi chigawo chilichonse kapena kusakaniza; sichikhoza kuyambitsa dzimbiri mu zipangizo. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito aniline kapena zolowa m'malo zina zoyenera ngati zosungunulira zosungunulira azeotrope opangidwa ndi distilling benzene ndi cyclohexane.

Solid phase m'zigawo ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino kwambiri yopangira chithandizo. Zimatengera kutulutsa kwamadzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi ndipo kumaphatikiza njira yofananira ya kusungunuka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi HPLC ndi GC. Chidziwitso choyambirira cha magawo osasunthika m'bukulo chinakula pang'onopang'ono. SPE ili ndi mawonekedwe azinthu zochepa zosungunulira organic, kusavuta, chitetezo, komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri. SPE imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu inayi molingana ndi njira yake yofananira: reverse phase SPE, SPE yanthawi zonse, ion exchange SPE, ndi adsorption SPE.

SPE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsanzo zamadzimadzi, kutulutsa, kuyika kwambiri ndikuyeretsa zinthu zosasinthika komanso zosasinthika mkati mwake. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zitsanzo zolimba, koma iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala madzi kaye. Pakali pano, ntchito yaikulu ku China ndi kusanthula zinthu organic monga polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons ndi PCBs m'madzi, kusanthula mankhwala ndi herbicide zotsalira zipatso, masamba ndi chakudya, kusanthula mankhwala, ndi kusanthula mankhwala mankhwala.

Chipangizo cha SPE chimapangidwa ndi gawo laling'ono la SPE ndi zowonjezera. Gawo laling'ono la SPE limapangidwa ndi magawo atatu, chubu, sintered pad ndi kulongedza. Zida za SPE nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi vacuum system, vacuum pampu, chowumitsira, gwero la gasi lopanda mpweya, choyesa chachikulu komanso botolo la buffer.

Chitsanzo kuphatikizapo zinthu zolekanitsidwa ndi zosokoneza zimadutsa mu adsorbent; adsorbent amasankha amasunga zinthu zolekanitsidwa ndi zosokoneza zina, ndipo zosokoneza zina zimadutsa mu adsorbent; muzimutsuka ndi adsorbent ndi oyenera zosungunulira kuti kale anapitiriza zosokoneza kusankha Pambuyo leaching kutali, olekanitsidwa zakuthupi amakhalabe pa bedi adsorbent; zinthu zoyeretsedwa ndi zokhazikika zolekanitsidwa zimatsuka kuchokera ku adsorbent.

Olimba gawo m'zigawo ndi thupi m'zigawo ndondomeko monga madzi ndi olimba magawo. Mucholimba gawo m'zigawo, mphamvu ya adsorption ya olimba gawo extractor motsutsana ndi kulekana ndi yaikulu kuposa zosungunulira kuti amasungunula kulekana. Pamene yankho lachitsanzo likudutsa pabedi la adsorbent, chinthu cholekanitsidwa chimakhazikika pamtunda wake, ndipo zigawo zina zachitsanzo zimadutsa pabedi la adsorbent; kudzera mu adsorbent yomwe imangowonjezera chinthu cholekanitsidwa ndipo sichimatsitsa zigawo zina zachitsanzo, chopatula choyera kwambiri komanso chokhazikika chingapezeke.