1. Ka noiʻi kumu e pili ana i ka nucleic acids: genomic cloning
2. Asymmetric PCR no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka DNA kaula hoʻokahi no ke kaʻina hana DNA
3. Ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻāpana DNA ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka PCR inverse
4. Hoʻohana ʻia ka PCR transcription hoʻohuli (RT-PCR) no ka ʻike ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike gene i loko o nā cell, ka nui o ka RNA virus a me ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o ka cDNA o nā genes kikoʻī.
5. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Fluorescence quantitative PCR no ka nānā ʻana i nā huahana PCR i ka manawa maoli
6. Hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻia ka cDNA
7. ʻIke ʻia o ka hōʻike gene
8. Nā noi lapaʻau: ʻike i nā maʻi bacterial a viral; hōʻailona o nā maʻi genetic; ka hōʻailona o nā maʻi koko; pili i nā hōʻike forensic